Polysemy چیست؟

پلی سمی (تکثر معنی) عبارت است از معانی متفاوت اما مرتبط با یکدیگری که یک واژه دارد. در این نوشته معنای دقیق واژه پلی سمی به زبان انگلیسی و مثال هایی برای واضح تر شدن مفهوم پلی سمی در ادامه مطلب آورده شده است.

Polysemy

Polysemy, is the capacity for a sign (e.g., a word, phrase, etc.) or signs to have

multiple related meanings (sememes), i.e., a large semantic field.

Examples

Man

۱. The human species (i.e., man vs. animal)

۲. Males of the human species (i.e., man vs. woman)

۳. Adult males of the human species (i.e., man vs. boy)

This example shows the specific polysemy where the same word is used at

different levels of a taxonomy. Example ۱ contains ۲, and ۲ contains ۳.

Mole

۱. a small burrowing mammal

۲. consequently, there are several different entities called moles.

Although these refer to different things, their names derive from ۱. :e.g. A Mole

burrows for information hoping to go undetected.

Bank

۱. a financial institution

۲. the building where a financial institution offers services

۳. a synonym for 'rely upon' (e.g. "I'm your friend, you can bank on me"). It

is different, but related, as it derives from the theme of security ini􀀩ated by ۱

However: a river bank is a homonym to ۱ and ۲, as they do not share

etymologies. It is a completely different meaning. River bed, though, is

polysemous with the beds on which people sleep.

Book

۱. a bound collection of pages

۲. a text reproduced and distributed (thus, someone who has read the same

text on a computer has read the same book as someone who had the actual

paper volume)

۳. to make an action or event a matter of record (e.g. "Unable to book a

hotel room, a man sneaked into a nearby private residence where police

arrested him and later booked him for unlawful entry.")

Newspaper

۱. The newspaper fired its editor. (The company that publishes the

newspaper)

۲. John spilled coffee on the newspaper. (The physical newspaper)

۳. The newspaper has decided to change its format. (The newspaper as a

work)

۴. John used to work for the newspaper that you are reading. (The

newspaper as an institution, a tangible object, and a piece of information)

۵. (Pointing to a newspaper:) That newspaper over there fired one of its

journalist (The newspaper as a tangible object standing in for the company that

publishes it).

Milk

The verb milk (e.g. "he's milking it for all he can get") derives from the process

of obtaining milk.

Wood

۱. a piece of a tree

۲. a geographical area with many trees

Crane

۱. a bird

۲. a type of construction equipment

۳. to strain out one's neck